The Anthropocene Golden Spike: The Age of Humans
The Anthropocene Golden Spike: The Age of Humans |
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Course syllabus for Spring 2020
International Chronostratigraphic Chart
Locations of GSSPs (and here)
The International Commission on Stratigraphy » Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy » The Anthropocene Working Group
TED Radio Hour: Anthropocene, see http://one.npr.org/?sharedMediaId=495657272:496016953
The Library of Congress Webcasts: The Anthropocene, see http://www.loc.gov/today/cyberlc/feature_wdesc.php?rec=4829
Earth's History Plays Out On A Football Field, see: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8V_glRW1hA
Deep Time Global Change and You, see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XKxkacvztCA
Amos, Jonathan (2016). 'Case is Made' for the Anthropocene Era. Retrieved on 28 November 2016 from http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35259194
[Introduction to the Anthropocene; easy read]
Barnosky, Anthony D., Nicholas Matzke, Susumu Tomiya, Guinevere O. U. Wogan, Brian Swartz, Tiago B. Quental, Charles Marshall, Jenny L. McGuire, Emily L. Lindsey, Kaitlin C. Maguire, Ben Mersey and Elizabeth A. Ferrer (2011). Has the Earth's Sixth Mass Extinction Already Arrived? Retrieved on 27 November 2016 from http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7336/full/nature09678.html
[Extinctions; difficult read]
Bevis, Michael, Christopher Harig, Shfaqat A. Khan, Abel Brown, Frederik J. Simons, Michael Willis, Xavier Fettweis, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Finn Bo Madsen, Eric Kendrick, Dana J. Caccamise II, Tonie van Dam, Per Knudsen, and Thomas Nylen (2019). Accelerating Changes in Ice Mass Within Greenland, and the Ice Sheet's Sensitivity to Atmospheric Forcing. Retrieved on 27 January 2019 from https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2019/01/14/1806562116
[Informative, data-rich discussion; moderate read]
Biello, David (2016). You Have Been Living in a New Geologic Time All Along. Retrieved on 27 November 2016 from http://ideas.ted.com/you-have-been-living-in-a-new-geologic-time-all-along
[Introduction to the Anthropocene; easy read]
Bisinella, Valentina, P.F. Albizzati, T.F. Astrup and A. Damgaard (2018). Life Cycle Assessment of Grocery Carrier Bags. Retrieved on 21 April 2019 from https://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2018/02/978-87-93614-73-4.pdf
[Good review of all sorts of bags; easy read]
Brannen, Peter (2019). The Arrogance of the Anthropocene. Retrieved on 29 December 2019 from https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/08/arrogance-anthropocene/595795/
[On geological time scales, human civilization is an event, not an epoch; easy read]
Briggs, Helen (2016). Southern Hemisphere Recovered Faster From Dino Strike. Retrieved on 28 November 2016 from http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-37872115
[Extinctions; easy read]
Brown, Joshua (2015). Scientists Peg Anthropocene to First Farmers. Retrieved 19 December 2016 from http://www.uvm.edu/~uvmpr/?Page=news&storyID=22035
[Anthropocene markers; easy read. See Lyons et al. 2015 for the more detailed report]
Carrington, Damian (2016a). The Anthropocene Epoch: Scientists Declare Dawn of Human-Influenced Age. Retrieved on 27 November 2016 from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/29/declare-anthropocene-epoch-experts-urge-geological-congress-human-impact-earth
[Introduction to the Anthropocene; easy read]
Carrington, Damian (2016b). World on Track to Lose Two-Thirds of Wild Animals by 2020, Major Report Warns. Retrieved on 28 November 2016 from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/oct/27/world-on-track-to-lose-two-thirds-of-wild-animals-by-2020-major-report-warns
[Extinctions; easy read]
Cheng, Lijing, J. Abraham, Z. Hausfather, and K.Trenberth (2019). How Fast Are the Oceans Warming? Retrieved on 14 January 2019 from http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/363/6423/128.full.pdf
[Rates and amount of ocean warming has been understimated; easy read]
Christian, David (n.d.). The Big History Project (Chapter 5: The Modern Revolution and the Future). Retrieved on 20 December 2016 from https://www.bighistoryproject.com/chapters/5#
[History of Earth; Chapter 5 relates to the Anthropocene; easy read but long]
Citizens' Climate Lobby (2018). Carbon Fee and Dividend Policy. Retrieved on 15 June 2018 from https://citizensclimatelobby.org/carbon-fee-and-dividend/
[Actions each of us can take to make a difference; informative and thoughtful]
Consensus For Action (2013). Scientific Consensus on Maintaining Humaniy's Life Support Systems in the 21st Century. Retrieved on 11 January 2017 from
http://consensusforaction.stanford.edu/see-scientific-consensus/consensus_english.pdf
[Environmental issues; easy read, but long]
Crutzen, P. J. and E. F. Stoermer (2000). The Anthropocene in The Global Change Newsletter, v. 41, p. 17–18.
[Introduction to the Anthropocene; moderate read; often cited; informative]
Edwards, Lucy (2015). What Is the Anthropocene? Retrieved on 28 November 2016 from https://eos.org/opinions/what-is-the-anthropocene
[Geological basis for the Anthropocene; easy read]
Estrada, Alejandro, Paul A. Garber, Anthony B. Rylands, Christian Roos, Eduardo Fernandez-Duque, Anthony Di Fiore, K. Anne-Isola Nekaris, Vincent Nijman, Eckhard W. Heymann, Joanna E. Lambert, Francesco Rovero, Claudia Barelli, Joanna M. Setchell, Thomas R. Gillespie, Russell A. Mittermeier, Luis Verde Arregoitia, Miguel de Guinea, Sidney Gouveia, Ricardo Dobrovolski, Sam Shanee, Noga Shanee, Sarah A. Boyle, Agustin Fuentes, Katherine C. MacKinnon, Katherine R. Amato, Andreas L. S. Meyer, Serge Wich, Robert W. Sussman, Ruliang Pan Inza Kone, Baoguo Li (2017). Impending extinction crisis of the world's primates: Why primates matter. Retrieved on 17 January 2017 from http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/1/e1600946
[Extinction; moderate read]
Finney, Stanley and Lucy Edwards (2016). The "Anthropocene" Epoch: Scientific Decision or Political Statement? Retrieved on 27 November 2016 from http://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/26/3/pdf/i1052-5173-26-3-4.pdf
[Geological basis for the Anthropocene; moderate read; informative]
Foster, G.L., D.L. Royer and D.J. Lunt (2017). Future Climate Forcing Potentially Without Precedent in the Last 420 Million Years. Retrieved on 28 April 2017 from https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14845
[Thorough review of climate forcing factors; difficult read; informative]
Geyer, Roland, Jenna R. Jambeck and Kara Lavender Law (2017). Production, Use, and Fate of All Plastics Ever Made. Science Advances, Vol. 3, no. 7, e1700782, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700782. Retrieved on 10 April 2019 from https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/7/e1700782
[Good analysis of plastics; moderate read]
Gronewald, Nathaniel (2019). New UN Climate Report Offers 'Bleak' Emissions Forecast. Retrieved on 14 December 2019 from https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/11/new-un-climate-report-offers-bleak-emissions-forecast
[Emissions keep rising; easy read]
Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp. Retrieved on 15 June 2018 from https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full_wcover.pdf
[Thorough review of the international understanding of climate change; moderate read]
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) (2019). Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Retrieved on 29 December 2019 from https://ipbes.net/system/tdf/ipbes_global_assessment_report_summary_for_policymakers.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=35329
[Thorough evaluation of the loss of biodiversity; informative and easy read]
Jaczko, G. (2019). I oversaw the U.S. nuclear power industry. Now I think it should be banned. Retrieved on 16 May 2019 from Academic OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A585784159/AONE?u=vol_l99n&sid=AONE&xid=55628c5e
Klein, G.D. (2015). The "Anthropocene": What is its Geological Utility? (Answer: It Has None!). Retrieved on 27 November 2016 from http://www.episodes.org/index.php/epi/article/view/79720/61837
[No geological basis for the Anthropocene; easy read]
Lenton, T.M., J. Rockstrom, O. Gaffney, S. Rahmstorf, K. Richardson, W. Steffen, and H. Joachim Schellnhuber (2019). Climate Tipping Points–too risky to bet against. Nature 575:590-595.
[Climate change problems are linked; easy read]
Lewis, Simon and Mark Maslin (2015). Defining the Anthropocene. Retrieved on 27 November 2016 from http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v519/n7542/abs/nature14258.html
[Anthropocene markers; moderate read; informative]
Lyons, Kathleen S., Kathryn L. Amatangelo, Anna K. Behrensmeyer, Antoine Bercovici, Jessica L. Blois, Matt Davis, William A. DiMichele, Andrew Du, Jussi T. Eronen, J. Tyler Faith, Gary R. Graves, Nathan Jud, Conrad Labandeira, Cindy V. Looy, Brian McGill, Joshua H. Miller, David Patterson, Silvia Pineda-Munoz, Richard Potts, Brett Riddle, Rebecca Terry, Anikó Tóth, Werner Ulrich, Amelia Villaseõr, Scott Wing, Heidi Anderson, John Anderson, Donald Waller and Nicholas J. Gotelli (2015). Holocene Shifts in the Assembly of Plant and Animal Communities Implicate Human Impacts. Retrieved on 27 November 2016 from https://vk.com/doc962320_437146056?hash=fd49aa7badc46e2820&dl=cb0e445ccb1cea2cdf
[Agricultural markers for the Anthropocene; difficult read]
Meyer, Robinson (2019). Are We Living Through Climate Change's Worst-Case Scenario? Retrieved on 15 January 2019 from https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/01/rcp-85-the-climate-change-disaster-scenario/579700/
[Clearly stated discussion about climage change and RCPs; easy, introductory reaad]
Molina, Eustoquio, Laia Alegret, Ignacio Arenillas, Josi A Arz, Njoud Gallala, Jan Hardenbol, Katharina von Salis, Etienne Steurbaut, Noël Vandenberghe, and Dalila Zaghbib-Turki (2006). The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Danian Stage (Paleocene, Paleogene, "Tertiary", Cenozoic) at El Kef, Tunisia: Original definition and revision. Retrieved on 27 November 2016 from http://www.stratigraphy.org/upload/bak/Danian.pdf
[GSSP example for the K/T boundary; moderate read]
Mooney, Chris (2016). What We're Doing to the Earth Has No Parallel in 66 Million Years, Scientists Say.
Retrieved on 27 November 2016 from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/03/21/what-were-doing-to-the-earth-has-no-parallel-in-66-million-years-scientists-say/
[Introduction to the Anthropocene; easy read]
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2020). Closing the Loop on the Plasitcs Dilemma:Proceedings of a Workshop in Brief. Washington,
DC, The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25647.
Nauels, Alexander, Johannes Guschow, Matthias Mengel, Malte Meinshausen, Peter U. Clark, and Carl-Friedrich Schleussner (2019). Attributing long-term sea-level rise to Paris Agreement emission pledges. Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences:116 (47), pp. 23487-23492. Retrieved on 14 December 2019 from https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907461116
Nuwer, Rachel (2017). How Wester Civilisation Could Collapse. Retrieved on 24 Decemer 2017 from http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170418-how-western-civilisation-could-collapse [Environmental and economic trends that portend collapse; easy read]
Penn, Justin L., Curtis Deutsch, Jonathan L. Payne, and Erik A. Sperling (2018). Temperature-Dependent Hypoxia Explains Biogeography and Severity of end-Permian Marine Mass Extinction. Science 362(1130).
[Reasoned explanation for a major mass extinction event; thorough; moderate read]
Pachauri R.K. and L.A. Meyer (eds.) (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved on 8 Aug 2018 from https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full_wcover.pdf
[International consensus on climate change; long read]
Ripple, William J., Thomas M. Newsome, Christopher Wolf, Rodolfo Dirzo, Kristoffer T. Everatt, Mauro Galetti, Matt W. Hayward, Graham I. H. Kerley, Taal Levi, Peter A. Lindsey, David W. Macdonald, Yadvinder Malhi, Luke E. Painter, Christopher J. Sandom, John Terborgh and Blaire Van Valkenburgh (2015). Collapse of the World's Largest Herbivores. Retrieved on 21 December 2016 from http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/4/e1400103.full
[Extinctions; moderate read]
Ripple, William J., Christopher Wolf, Thomas M. Newsome, Mauro Galetti, Mohammed Alamgir, Eileen Crist, Mahmoud I. Mahmoud, and William F. Laurance (2017). World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice. Retrieved on 17 Jan 2018 from https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix125
[Summary of environmental problems; easy read]
Ripple, William and over 11,000 other scientists (2019). World Scientists' Warning of Climate Emergency. Retrieved on 14 December 2019 from https://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/sw/files/climate%20emergency%20Ripple%20et%20al.pdf
[Another sad outlook; easy read]
Royer, Sarah-Jeanne, Sara Ferrón, Samuel T. Wilson, and David M. Karl (2018). Production of Methane and Ethylene From Plastic in the Environment. Retrieved on 1 Aug 2018 from PLoS ONE 13(8): e0200574 at https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200574
[Surprising discovery of the amount of greenhouse gases emitted from plastics; moderate read]
Sánchez-Bayoa, Francisco and Kris A.G. Wyckhuysb (2019). Worldwide Decline of the Entomofauna: A Review of its Drivers. Biological Conservation 232:8-27.
[Rapid decline of insects is documented; thorough; moderate read]
Santer, B.D., C.J.W. Bonfils, Q. Fu, J.C. Fyfe, G.C. Hegerl, C. Mears, J.F. Painter, S. Po-Chedley, F.J. Wentz, M.D. Zelinka and C.Z. Zou (2019). Celebrating the anniversarty of three Key Events in Climate Science. Nature Climate Change 9:180-182.
[Greater than 99.999% chance that humans are the cause of climate change; easy read]
Shermer, Michael (2017). How To Convince Someone When Facts Fail. Retrieved on 29 December 2017 from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-convince-someone-when-facts-fail/?WT.mc_id=SA_FB_MB_EG
[Suggestions for listening and talking; simple read]
Stanley, Steven M. (2016). Estimates of the Magnitudes of Major Marine Mass Extinctions in Earth History. Retrieved on 25 December 2016 from http://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/E6325.full.pdf?with-ds=yes
[Extinctions; difficult read]
Steffen, Will, Johan Rockström, Katherine Richardson, Timothy M. Lenton, Carl Folke, Diana Liverman, Colin P. Summerhayes, Anthony D. Barnosky, Sarah E. Cornell, Michel Crucifix, Jonathan F. Donges, Ingo Fetzer, Steven J. Lade, Marten Scheffer, Ricarda Winkelmann, and Hans Joachim Schellnhuber (2018). Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene. Retrieved on 8 August 2018 from https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810141115
[Argues that the planet is heading toward a hothouse Earth state; moderate read]
Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (2016). Working Group on the Anthropocene. Retrieved on 27 November 2016 from http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/workinggroups/anthropocene/
[Geological basis for the Anthropocene; easy read; informative]
Subramanian, Meera (2019). Anthropocene Now: Influential Panel Votes To Recongize Earth's New Epoch. Retrieved on 29 December 2019 from https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01641-5?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=4037068ff3-briefing-dy-20190522
[The Anthropocene Working Group makes a proposal to the Commission on Stratigraphy; easy read]
Turney, Chris S. M., Jonathan Palmer, Mark A. Maslin, Alan Hogg, Christopher J. Fogwill, John Southon, Pavla Fenwick, Gerhard Helle, Janet M. Wilmshurst, Matt McGlone, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Zoë Thomas, Mathew Lipson, Brent Beaven, Richard T. Jones, Oliver Andrews and Quan Hua (2018). Global Peak in Atmospheric Radiocarbon Provides a Potential Definition for the Onset of the Anthropocene Epoch in 1965. Retrieved on 2 March 2018 from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-20970-5
[Discussion on unstable isotopes; moderate read; informative]
U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) (2018). Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II [Reidmiller, D.R., C.W. Avery, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, K.L.M. Lewis, T.K. Maycock, and B.C. Stewart (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA. doi: 10.7930/NCA4.2018.
[Report by 13 federal agencies regarding the devastating affects of climate change; informative]
Waters, Colin N., Jan Zalasiewicz, Colin Summerhayes, Anthony D. Barnosky, Clèment Poirier, Agnieszka Galuszka, Alejandro Cearreta, Matt Edgeworth, Erle C. Ellis, Michael Ellis, Catherine Jeandel, Reinhold Leinfelder, J. R. McNeill, Daniel deB. Richter, Will Steffen, James Syvitski, Davor Vidas, Michael Wagreich, Mark Williams, An Zhisheng, Jacques Grinevald, Eric Odada, Naomi Oreskes, and Alexander P. Wolfe (2016). The Anthropocene is Functionally and Stratigraphically Distinct From the Holocene. Science, v. 351(6269), p. 1–10.
[Markers of the Anthropocene; moderate read; informative]
Waters, Colin N., Jan Zalasiewicz, Colin Summerhayes, Ian J.Fairchild, Neil L.Rose, Neil J. Loader, William Shotyk, Alejandro Cearreta, Martin J. Head, James P. M. Syvitski, Mark Williams, Michael Wagreich, Anthony D. Barnosky, An Zhisheng, Reinhold Leinfelder, Catherine Jeandel, Agnieszka Galuszka, Juliana A. Ivar do Sul, Felix Gradstein, Will Steffen, John R. McNeill, Scott Wing, Clèment Poirier, Matt Edgeworth (2017). Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Anthropocene Series: Where and How to Look for Potential Candidates. Retrieved on 2 March 2018 from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825217304087?via%3Dihub
[Markers fro the Anthropocene; moderate read; very informative]
Wilcox, Chrisie (2018). Human-Caused Extinctions Have Set Mammals Back Millions of Years. Retrieved on 17 November 2018 from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/10/millions-of-years-mammal-evolution-lost-news/?user.testname=photogallery:1
[Extinction; easy, yet sad, read]
Willett, Walter, Johan Rockström, Brent Loken, Marco Springmann, Tim Lang, Sonja Vermeulen, Tara Garnett, David Tilman, Fabrice DeClerck, Amanda Wood, Malin Jonell, Michael Clark, Line J Gordon, Jessica Fanzo, Corinna Hawkes, Rami Zurayk, Juan A Rivera, Wim De Vries, Lindiwe Majele Sibanda, Ashkan Afshin, Abhishek Chaudhary, Mario Herrero, Rina Agustina, Francesco Branca, Anna Lartey, Shenggen Fan, Beatrice Crona, Elizabeth Fox, Victoria Bignet, Max Troell, Therese Lindahl, Sudhvir Singh, Sarah E Cornell, K Srinath Reddy, Sunita Narain, Sania Nishtar, Christopher J L Murray (2019). Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on Healthy Diets From Sustainable Food Systems. Retrieved on 17 January 2019 from https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31788-4/fulltext (or here or read the summary report, learn more about the Commission, or read a summary by the Guardian.
[Discussions on food systems to feed 10 billion people; thorough]
World Meteorological Association (2019). Greenhouse Gas Concentrations in Atmosphere Reach Yet Another High. Retrieved on 14 December 2019 from https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/greenhouse-gas-concentrations-atmosphere-reach-yet-another-high
[Targets missed again; easy read]
Zalasiewicz, Jan, Williams, M., Smith, A., Barry, T.L., Coe, A.L., Bown, P.R., Brenchley, P., Cantrill, D., Gale, A., Gibbard, P., Gregory, F.J., Hounslow, M.W., Kerr, A.C., Pearson, P., Knox, R., Powell, J., Waters, C., Marshall, J., Oates, M., Rawson, P., and Stone, P. (2008). Are We Now Living in the Anthropocene? GSA Today, v. 18, p. 4–8, doi: 10.1130/GSAT01802A.1.
[Markers and geological basis of the Anthropocene; moderate read]
Zalasiewicz, Jan, Mark Williams, Richard Fortey, Alan Smith, Tiffany L. Barry, Angela L. Coe, Paul R. Bown, Peter F. Rawson, Andrew Gale, Philip Gibbard, F. John Gregory, Mark W. Hounslow, Andrew C. Kerr, Paul Pearson, Robert Knox, John Powell, Colin Waters, John Marshall, Michael Oates, Philip Stone (2011). Stratigraphy of the Anthropocene. Retrieved on 20 December 2016 from http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1938/1036
[Overview of the issues related ot the Anthropocene; moderate read; informative]
Zalasiewicz, Jan, Colin N.Waters, Colin P. Summerhayes, Alexander P.Wolfe, Anthony D. Barnosky, Alejandro Cearreta, Paul Crutzen, Erle Ellish, Ian J. Fairchild, Agnieszka Gałuszka, Peter Haff, Irka Hajdas, Martin J. Head, Juliana A. Ivar do Sul, Catherine Jeandel, Reinhold Leinfelder, John R. McNeill, Cath Neal, Eric Odada, Naomi Oreskes, Will Steffen, James Syvitski, Davor Vidas, Michael Wagreich, and Mark Williams (2017). The Working Group On The Anthropocene: Summary of Evidence and Interim Recommendations. Retrieved on 5 February 2018 from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213305417300097#!
[Consideration of numerous, likely markers; moderate read]
Zalasiewicz, Jan, Waters, C.N., Williams, M., Barnosky, A.D., Cearreta, A., Crutzen, P., Ellis, E., Ellis, M.A., Fairchild, I.J., Grinevald, J., Haff, P.K., Hajdas, I., Leinfelder, R., McNeill, J., Odada, E.O., Poirier, C., Richter, D., Steffen, W., Summerhayes, C., Syvitski, J.P.M., Vidas, D., Wagreich, M., Wing, S.L., Wolfe, A.P., An, Z., and Oreskes, N. (2015). When did the Anthropocene Begin? A Mid-twentieth Century Boundary Level is Stratigraphically Optimal. Quaternary International. doi: 10.1016/j .quaint.2014.11.045.
[GSSP for the Anthropocene; moderate read]
Zalasiewicz, Jan (2016). What Mark Will We Leave On The Planet: A History In Layers. Scientific American v. 315(3), p. 30–37.
[General overview and markers for the Anthropocene; easy read; informative]
Zeebe, R. E., A. Ridgwell and J.C. Zachos (2016). Anthropogenic Carbon Release Rate Unprecedented During the Past 66 Million Years. Nature Geoscience 9:325–329. Retrieved on 21 December 2016 from http://kanat.jsc.vsc.edu/env2080/papers/zeebeEtAl2016.pdf
[Carbon dioxide marker for the Anthropocene; moderate read]
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